# Queries Overview

Queries represent read operations that retrieve data without modifying state.

## What are Queries?

Queries are **interrogative requests** to fetch data from your system. They never change state and always return results.

**Characteristics:**
- ✅ **Question-based names** - GetUser, SearchProducts, ListOrders
- ✅ **Read-only** - Never modify state
- ✅ **Always return data** - Must return a result
- ✅ **Idempotent** - Can call multiple times safely
- ✅ **Cacheable** - Results can be cached
- ✅ **Fast** - Should be optimized for performance

## Basic Query Example

```csharp
// Query
public record GetUserQuery
{
    public int UserId { get; init; }
}

// DTO (result)
public record UserDto
{
    public int Id { get; init; }
    public string Name { get; init; } = string.Empty;
    public string Email { get; init; } = string.Empty;
}

// Handler
public class GetUserQueryHandler : IQueryHandler<GetUserQuery, UserDto>
{
    private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;

    public async Task<UserDto> HandleAsync(GetUserQuery query, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var user = await _userRepository.GetByIdAsync(query.UserId, cancellationToken);

        if (user == null)
            throw new KeyNotFoundException($"User {query.UserId} not found");

        return new UserDto
        {
            Id = user.Id,
            Name = user.Name,
            Email = user.Email
        };
    }
}

// Registration
builder.Services.AddQuery<GetUserQuery, UserDto, GetUserQueryHandler>();

// Endpoints:
//   GET /api/query/getUser?userId=1
//   POST /api/query/getUser (with JSON body)
```

## HTTP Support

Queries automatically get **both GET and POST** endpoints:

### GET with Query String

```bash
curl "http://localhost:5000/api/query/getUser?userId=123"
```

### POST with JSON Body

```bash
curl -X POST http://localhost:5000/api/query/getUser \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"userId": 123}'
```

## Query Documentation

### [Basic Queries](basic-queries.md)

Simple query patterns:

- Single entity queries
- List queries
- Search queries
- Projection queries

### [Query Registration](query-registration.md)

How to register queries:

- Basic registration
- Registration with validators
- Bulk registration
- Organizing registrations

### [Query Authorization](query-authorization.md)

Securing queries:

- IQueryAuthorizationService
- Row-level security
- Tenant isolation
- Resource ownership

### [Query Attributes](query-attributes.md)

Controlling query behavior:

- [QueryName] - Custom endpoint names
- [IgnoreQuery] - Internal queries
- [GrpcIgnore] - HTTP-only queries

## Common Query Patterns

### Pattern 1: Get by ID

```csharp
public record GetOrderQuery
{
    public int OrderId { get; init; }
}

public class GetOrderQueryHandler : IQueryHandler<GetOrderQuery, OrderDto>
{
    public async Task<OrderDto> HandleAsync(GetOrderQuery query, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var order = await _orders.GetByIdAsync(query.OrderId, cancellationToken);

        if (order == null)
            throw new KeyNotFoundException($"Order {query.OrderId} not found");

        return MapToDto(order);
    }
}
```

### Pattern 2: List with Pagination

```csharp
public record ListUsersQuery
{
    public int Page { get; init; } = 1;
    public int PageSize { get; init; } = 10;
}

public class ListUsersQueryHandler : IQueryHandler<ListUsersQuery, PagedResult<UserDto>>
{
    public async Task<PagedResult<UserDto>> HandleAsync(ListUsersQuery query, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var totalCount = await _users.CountAsync(cancellationToken);

        var users = await _users.GetAllAsync()
            .Skip((query.Page - 1) * query.PageSize)
            .Take(query.PageSize)
            .ToListAsync(cancellationToken);

        return new PagedResult<UserDto>
        {
            Items = users.Select(MapToDto).ToList(),
            TotalCount = totalCount,
            Page = query.Page,
            PageSize = query.PageSize
        };
    }
}
```

### Pattern 3: Search

```csharp
public record SearchProductsQuery
{
    public string Keyword { get; init; } = string.Empty;
    public decimal? MinPrice { get; init; }
    public decimal? MaxPrice { get; init; }
}

public class SearchProductsQueryHandler : IQueryHandler<SearchProductsQuery, List<ProductDto>>
{
    public async Task<List<ProductDto>> HandleAsync(SearchProductsQuery query, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var products = _products.GetAllAsync();

        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(query.Keyword))
        {
            products = products.Where(p =>
                p.Name.Contains(query.Keyword) ||
                p.Description.Contains(query.Keyword));
        }

        if (query.MinPrice.HasValue)
            products = products.Where(p => p.Price >= query.MinPrice.Value);

        if (query.MaxPrice.HasValue)
            products = products.Where(p => p.Price <= query.MaxPrice.Value);

        var result = await products.ToListAsync(cancellationToken);
        return result.Select(MapToDto).ToList();
    }
}
```

### Pattern 4: Aggregation

```csharp
public record GetOrderStatisticsQuery
{
    public int CustomerId { get; init; }
}

public record OrderStatistics
{
    public int TotalOrders { get; init; }
    public decimal TotalSpent { get; init; }
    public decimal AverageOrderValue { get; init; }
    public DateTime? LastOrderDate { get; init; }
}

public class GetOrderStatisticsQueryHandler : IQueryHandler<GetOrderStatisticsQuery, OrderStatistics>
{
    public async Task<OrderStatistics> HandleAsync(GetOrderStatisticsQuery query, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var orders = await _orders
            .Where(o => o.CustomerId == query.CustomerId)
            .ToListAsync(cancellationToken);

        return new OrderStatistics
        {
            TotalOrders = orders.Count,
            TotalSpent = orders.Sum(o => o.TotalAmount),
            AverageOrderValue = orders.Any() ? orders.Average(o => o.TotalAmount) : 0,
            LastOrderDate = orders.Max(o => (DateTime?)o.CreatedAt)
        };
    }
}
```

## Best Practices

### ✅ DO

- Always return DTOs, never domain entities
- Keep queries simple and focused
- Use pagination for large result sets
- Optimize database queries (projections, indexes)
- Handle "not found" cases
- Use async/await consistently
- Accept CancellationToken

### ❌ DON'T

- Don't modify state in queries
- Don't return IQueryable (always materialize)
- Don't include sensitive data in DTOs
- Don't fetch unnecessary data
- Don't skip pagination for large datasets
- Don't return null (throw KeyNotFoundException instead)

## GET vs POST

### Use GET When:

- ✅ Simple parameters (IDs, strings)
- ✅ No sensitive data
- ✅ Results can be cached
- ✅ Idempotent

### Use POST When:

- ✅ Complex parameters (objects, arrays)
- ✅ Sensitive data
- ✅ Long query strings
- ✅ Need request body

**Good news:** Both are generated automatically!

## What's Next?

- **[Basic Queries](basic-queries.md)** - Common query patterns
- **[Query Registration](query-registration.md)** - How to register
- **[Query Authorization](query-authorization.md)** - Securing queries
- **[Query Attributes](query-attributes.md)** - Customization

## See Also

- [Commands Overview](../commands/README.md)
- [Dynamic Queries](../dynamic-queries/README.md)
- [Getting Started: Your First Query](../../getting-started/04-first-query.md)
- [Best Practices: Query Design](../../best-practices/query-design.md)